Current Issue : January-March Volume : 2022 Issue Number : 1 Articles : 5 Articles
Pipeline plays a vital role in transporting fluids like oils, water, and petrochemical substances for longer distances. Based on the materials they carry, prolonged usage may cause the initiation of defects in the pipeline. These defects occur due to the formed salt deposits, chemical reaction happens between the inner surface and the transferring substance, prevailing environmental conditions, etc. These defects, if not identified earlier may lead to significant losses to the industry. In this work, an in-line inspection system utilizes the nondestructive way for analyzing the internal defects in the petrochemical pipeline. This system consists of a pipeline inspection robot having two major units namely the visual inspection unit and the power carrier unit. The visual inspection unit makes use of a ring-type laser diode and the camera. The laser diode serves as a light source for capturing good quality images of inspection. This unit is controlled by the Arduino in the power carrier unit which provides the necessary movement throughout the pipe. The inspected images captured by the camera are further processed with the aid of NI vision assistant software. After applying the processing function parameters provided by this software, the defect location can be clearly visualized with high precision. Three sets of defects are introduced in a Polylactide (PLA) pipe based on its position and angle along the circumference of the pipe. Further, this robot system serves as a real-time interactive image synchronization system for acquiring the inspected images. By comparing the actual and calculated defect size, the error percentage obtained was less than 5%....
By introducing relative speed of two objects into Newton’s gravitational theory, Newton’s gravitational formula can be modified as: F = GMm/r2(1 + V2/C2). V is the relative speed between the two objects and C is the light speed. In order to test this formula, the paper uses it to calculate the Perihelion Precession of Mercury and light deflection near the Sun. The calculation result shows that Modified Newton’s Gravity theory and General Relative theory have same accuracy to calculate planets orbit and light deflection. It also shows that the gravitational force between two objectives with high relative speed is a bit bigger than that with low relative speed. When this speed is up to light speed, the gravitational force is two times bigger than that with zero speed....
We have designed a new type of molecule with a noble gas (Ng = Kr and Xe) atom in a six-membered ring. Their structures and stability have been studied by density functional theory and by correlated electronic structure calculations. The results showed that the six-membered ring is planar with very short Ng–O and Ng–N polar covalent bonds. The calculated energy barriers for all the unimolecular dissociation pathways are higher than 20 and 35 kcal/mol for Ng = Kr and Xe, respectively. The current study suggests that these molecules and their derivatives might be synthesized and observable at cryogenic conditions....
At least a minority of planets, moons and other bodies exist within significant external astrophysical fields. The ambient field problem is more relevant to these bodies than the classical dynamo problem, but remains relatively little studied. This paper will concern with the effect of axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric ambient field on a spherical, axisymmetric dynamo model, through nonlinear calculations with α-quenching feedback. Ambient fields of varying strengths are imposed in the model. The effect of these fields on the generation process is considered, with particular focus on the equatorial symmetry and the time dependence of the solutions....
The Stephani universe is an inhomogeneous alternative to ΛCDM. We show that the exotic fluid driving the Stephani exact solution of Einstein’s equations is an unusual form of k-essence that is linear in “velocity”. Much as the Stephani universe can be embedded into (a section of) flat 5-d Minkowski space-time, we show that the k-essence obtains through dimensional reduction of a 5-d strongly coupled non-linear “electrodynamics” that, in the empty Stephani universe, corresponds to space filling magnetic branes in string/M-theory....
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